Tuberculosis is the second most fatal infectious disease; each year, it causes millions of deaths world-wide. Although several anti-TB drugs are currently available, the problem with these drugs is that they require a prolonged duration of treatment, with high drug doses. In addition, patient non-adherence to therapy subsequently leads to the development of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, we need to develop an effective and robust nano-carrier-based drug delivery system to overcome these issues and improve the therapeutic potential of drug dose/duration and patient compliance. This review article focuses on the currently available various nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches, including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric particles, carbon nanotubes, glucan, and alginate-based nanocarrier systems for effective anti-TB drug delivery to host macrophage for myco-bacterium killing. Finally, we also present some promising recent nanotechnology-based mycobacterial detection systems using silver nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and magnetic barcode assay that have recently emerged as the latest diagnostic tool. Functionalized nanomaterials for emerging Aggregation-induced photodynamic therapy as next-generation theranostics have also been discussed as a novel option for T.B. diagnosis and therapy.