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Grafted vegetable propagation and production in soilless systems

Deer, Ché Luis
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Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) are some of the most common crops selected for vegetable grafting in the United States. Grafted plants express resistance to soil-borne diseases. Thus, improving the disease tolerance to vegetables grown in Oklahoma is essential as soil-borne pathogens are ever present in outdoor cultivated areas. Grafted tomato (‘Cherokee Purple’ x ‘RST-106-04-T’), pepper (‘King Arthur’ x ‘Dorado’) and watermelon (‘Delta’ x ‘Cobalt’) combinations were made to evaluate compactness and survival in homemade healing chambers with a volume of 0.38 m3 in three different treatments (greenhouse, indoor, outdoor) in spring and fall 2021 and 2022. The results indicated spring is the best time to graft watermelon, pepper and tomato. Compactness values during the spring were not different among locations for watermelon; however, when grafting in the fall, greenhouse and outdoor environments performed similarly. For watermelon survival, greenhouse environments performed the poorest in the spring; for pepper, the greenhouse environment resulted in the greatest survival rates. Recommendations concerning survival and compactness are limited as the study needed more power relating to replicated experimental units. ‘Cherokee Purple’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants are a highly sought-after heirloom cultivar in the United States but are low yielding and highly susceptible to soil-borne pathogens. Moreover, soilless systems like aquaponics and hydroponics help increase yield, mitigate disease, and optimize space and resources like fertilizer and water. A grafting combination of ‘Cherokee Purple’ x ‘Maxifort’ and non-grafted controls were grown in six 1.85 m2 media grow beds with three hydroponic and aquaponic systems in a greenhouse. Hydroponics systems were fed 0.63 g of water-soluble fertilizer (Masterblend 4N-7.9P-31.5K Tomato Formula, Morris, IL), 0.63 g of calcium nitrate (15.5N-0P-0K PowerGrow, Vineyard, UT), and 0.32 g of magnesium sulfate (PowerGrow, Vineyard, UT) per liter of water with EC levels of 0.8 mS/cm for seedlings, 1.0-1.5 mS/cm for early growth, and 2.0-2.3 mS/cm for flowering and fruiting stages. Aquaponics systems utilized copper nose bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) to create a nutrient-dense solution of 0.25 ppm NH3, 0 ppm NO2-, and 50 ppm NO3- with an EC of 0.77-0.83 mS/cm. Treatments were either aquaponic or hydroponic systems and grafted or nongrafted plants. Grafting increased stem diameter, leaf count, stem height, flower count, bud count compared to nongrafted plants. In aquaponics, grafting increases P over nongrafted aquaponic plants. Lastly, grafting resulted in greater fresh (49.2%) and dry (40%) shoot biomass. Grafting resulted in fresh (33.3%) and dry (42.8%) root biomass. Grafting also increased the uptake of copper and sulphur in aquaponics Hydroponic systems resulted in greater leaf count, SPAD, stem height, shoot biomass, and greater boron, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese than aquaponics systems. Total fruit number and weight were greater in hydroponics systems than aquaponics systems by 35.4% and 30.4%, respectively. Aquaponics resulted in more significant root fresh weight. Nutrients zinc and copper increased with the usage of aquaponic systems over hydroponics systems.

Date
2023-05
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